‘The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript’, in id.,
Studies on Islam and the Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century (Istanbul, 2001), pp. 83–4, 89.
69
FO 97/413, Stratford to Palmerston, 7 Feb. 1850; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 215.
70
S. Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai I v Londone v 1844 godu’, Istoricheskii vestnik, 23/3 (Feb. 1886), pp. 602–4.
71
E. Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten aus den Papieren des Freiherrn Christian Friedrich V. Stockmar (Brunswick, 1872), p. 98; T. Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, 5 vols. (London, 1877), vol. 1, p. 215.
72
G. Bolsover, ‘Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey’, Slavonic Review, 27 (1948), p. 135.
73
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, pp. 355–8.
74
Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 224.
75
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 604; Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten, p. 98.
76
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 604.
77
The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence between the Years 1837 and 1861, 3 vols. (London, 1907–8), vol. 2, pp. 16–17; Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 219; Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 609.
78
Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 223; Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten, pp. 397, 400.
79
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, p. 615; Stockmar, Denkwürdigkeiten, p. 399.
80
Ibid., pp. 396–9.
81
H. Ragsdale, ‘Russian Projects of Conquest in the Eighteenth Century’, in id. (ed.), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 75–7; O. Subtelnyi, ‘Peter I’s Testament: A Reassessment’, Slavic Review, 33 (1974), pp. 663–78.
82
Ragsdale, ‘Russian Projects’, pp. 79–80.
83
Ibid., p. 81.
84
J. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), pp. 39, 43.
85
R. Wilson, A Sketch of the Military and Political Power of Russia in the Year 1817 (London, 1817); Gleason, Genesis of Russophobia, p. 56.
86
[Lieut. Col.] Sir George de Lacy Evans, On the Designs of Russia (London, 1828), pp. 191, 199–219.
87
The Portfolio; or a Collection of State Papers, etc. etc., Illustrative of the History of Our Times, 1 (1836), p. 103.
88
Ibid., pp. 187–95. See further, M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955), p. 236.
89
Hansard, HC Deb. 23 Feb. 1848, vol. 96, pp. 1132–1242; HC Deb. 1 Mar. 1848, vol. 47, pp. 66–123 (Palmerston quotation at p. 122).
90
The Times, 20 July 1831; Northern Liberator, 3 Oct. 1840.
91
Gleason, Genesis of Russophobia, p. 126.
92
Kukiel, Czartoryski, p. 205.
93
R. McNally, ‘The Origins of Russophobia in France: 1812–1830’, American Slavic and East European Review, 17/2 (Apr. 1958), pp. 179–83.
94
A. Mickiewicz, Livre des pèlerins polonais, traduit du polonais d’A. M. par le Comte C. de Montalembert; suivi d’un hymne à la Pologne par F. de La Menais (Paris, 1833).
95
Cinq millions de Polonais forcés par la czarine Catherine, les czars Paul, Alexandre et récemment Nicolas d’abjurer leur foi religieuse. Eclaircissements sur la question des Grecs-Unis sous le rapport statistique, historique et religieux (Paris and Strasburg, 1845); Journal des débats, 23 Oct. 1842.
96
The Nuns of Minsk: Narrative of Makrena Mieczystawska, Abbess of the Basilian Convent of Minsk; The History of a Seven Years’ Persecution Suffered for the Faith, by Her and Her Nuns (London, 1846), pp. 1–16; Hansard, HL Deb. 9 Mar. 1846, vol. 84, p. 768; M. Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, 1839–1856 (Paris, 1967), p. 464.
97
[Count] V. Krasinski, Is the Power of Russia to be Reduced or Increased by the Present War? The Polish Question and Panslavism (London, 1855), p. 4.
98
Marquis de Custine, Russia, 3 vols. (London, 1844), vol. 3, pp. 21, 353; G. Kennan, The Marquis de Custine and His Russia in 1839 (London, 1971).
99
Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, p. 471.
100
S. Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia, 1837–39 (Paris, 1961).
101
N. Tsimbaev, Slaviano fil’stvo: Iz istorii russkoi obshchestvennopoliticheskoi mysli XIX veka (Moscow, 1986), p. 36.
102
A. Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, Government and Society, 1815–1833 (Oxford, 2006), pp. 93–7.
103
N. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia 1825–1855 (Berkeley, 1959), p. 152.
104
Ibid., p. 166.
105
P. Mérimée, Correspondence générale, 18 vols. (Paris, 1941–65), vol. 5, p. 420; Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, p. 516; L. Namier, 1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals (Oxford, 1946), pp. 40–42.
106
Cadot, La Russie dans la vie intellectuelle française, p. 468.
107
R. Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854 (Monachii, 1962), chaps. 7 and 8.
