108
FO 195/321, Colquhoun to Palmerston, 16 Aug. 1848.
109
FO 195/332, Colquhoun to Stratford Canning, 2 July 1849.
110
Florescu, Struggle against Russia, pp. 217–18.
111
D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 68–71.
112
On British naval defence against France, see A. Lambert, The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy, 1853–56 (Manchester, 1990), pp. 25–7.
113
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ/1855, 16 Apr.
114
Mémoires du duc De Persigny (Paris, 1896), p. 212.
115
A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1955), p. 49.
116
Mémoires du duc De Persigny, p. 225; E. Bapst, Les Origines de la Guerre en Crimée: La France et la Russie de 1848 à 1851 (Paris, 1912), pp. 325–7.
117
FO 78/895, Rose to Malmesbury, 28 Dec. 1852.
118
K. Vitzthum von Eckstadt, St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–64, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 1, p. 38; D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 109–10.
119
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 11 and 22 Jan., 22 Feb. 1853.
120
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 11 Jan., 21 Feb. 1853; A. Cunningham, Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays, 2 vols. (London, 1993), vol. 2, p. 136.
121
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 22 Feb. 1853; FO 65/425, Seymour to Clarendon, 29 Mar. 1853.
122
Cunningham, Eastern Questions, vol. 2, pp. 139–40.
123
FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 10 Feb. 1853.
124
RGAVMF, f. 19, op. 7, d. 135, l. 37; FO 65/424, Seymour to Russell, 7 Jan. 1853; Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches in Turkey, 2 vols. (London, 1854–6), vol. 1, pp. 121–4.
125
RGAVMF, f. 19, op. 7, d. 135, l. 43; J. Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War (Durham, NC, 1979), p. 94.
126
FO 65/420, Clarendon to Seymour, 23 Mar., 5 Apr. 1853; Goldfrank, Origins of the Crimean War, pp. 136–8.
127
Mémoires du duc De Persigny, pp. 226–31; Bapst, Origines de la Guerre en Crimée, p. 354.
128
Mémoires du comte Horace de Viel-Castel sur le règne de Napoléon III, 1851–1864, 2 vols. (Paris, 1979), vol. 1, p. 180; J. Ridley, Napoleon III and Eugenie (London, 1979), p. 365; S. Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, 2 vols. (London, 1888), vol. 2, p. 237.
129
Correspondence Respecting the Rights and Privileges of the Latin and Greek Churches, vol. 1, pp. 256–8; Cunningham, Eastern Questions, pp. 159–62; Goldfrank, Origins of the Crimean War, pp. 147–8, 156–7; A. Saab, The Origins of the Crimean Alliance (Charlottesville, Va., 1977), pp. 135–7; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 248.
130
BOA, AMD, 44/81, Musurus to Reshid Pasha, 13 May 1853; RGAVMF, f. 19, op. 7, d. 135, l. 52; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), pp. 74–6.
131
A. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 739–40.
132
Russkii arkhiv, 1891, no. 8, p. 169; ‘Voina s Turtsiei 1828–1829 i 1853–1854’, Russkaia starina, 16 (1876), pp. 681–7; P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972), p. 76.
133
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5407, ll. 7–11; d. 5451, ll. 13–14; Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina, vol. 1, p. 74.
134
Za mnogo let: Zapiski (vospominaniia) neizvestnogo 1844–1874 gg. (St Petersburg, 1897), p. 74; RGB OR, f. 743, T. Klemm, ‘Vospominaniia starogo-soldata, rasskazannye synu, kadetu VII klacca Pskovskogo kadetskogo korpusa’, l. 6.
135
F. Kagan, The Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army (London, 1999), p. 221; E. Brooks, ‘Reform in the Russian Army, 1856–1861’, Slavic Review, 43/1 (Spring 1984), p. 64; E. Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier (Princeton, 1990), p. 24.
136
Brooks, ‘Reform’, pp. 70–71; K. Marx, The Eastern Question: A Reprint of Letters Written 1853–1856 Dealing with the Events of the Crimean War (London, 1969), pp. 397–8; J. Curtiss, The Russian Army under Nicholas I, 1825–1855 (Durham, NC, 1965), p. 115; P. Alabin, Chetyre voiny: Pokhodnye zapiski v voinu 1853, 1854, 1855 i 1856 godov, 2 vols. (Viatka, 1861), vol. 1, p. 43.
137
Curtiss, Russian Army, pp. 248–9.
138
Za mnogo let, pp. 34–5, 45–7; RGB OR, f. 743, T. Klemm, ‘Vospominaniia starogo-soldata’, ll. 4, 7–8; Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier, p. 87.
139
BOA, I, HR, 328/21222; S. Kiziltoprak, ‘Egyptian Troops in the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, in Vostochnaya (Krymskaya) Voina 1853–1856 godov: Novye materialy i novoe osmyslenie, 2 vols. (Simferopol, 2005), vol. 1, p. 49; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 296.
140
A. Slade, Turkey and the Crimean War: A Narrative of Historical Events (London, 1867), p. 186; E. Perret, Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1889), pp. 86–7.
