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Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship, pp. 68–69. Омейяды научились этому у арабской династии Лахмидов, которые были некогда клиентами Персии. см.: также Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 79–80
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1971, 1989), pp. 201–02
Michael Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab – Byzantine Frontier (New Haven, 1996), pp. 99–106
Абу Нувас, Диван, 452, 641; см.: Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 129
Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 127–31
Ibid., pp. 99–110
Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam (London, 1997), p. 51
Ср. Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad, p. 143, no. 141; Al Bayhagi, Zuhd (Beirut, n. d.), p. 165, no. 273 in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 35
Parsons, Rule of Empires, p. 77; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 89; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1. p. 305
Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim Christian and Pagan Politics (London and New York, 1997), p. 239; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 444–45
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 315–54
Ibid., p. 317; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 92–93; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 21
Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, p. 323
Сунниты формируют большинство, выстраивая свою жизнь на основе «обычая» (сунны) Пророка
Название «Фатимиды» связано с тем, что исмаилиты, подобно всем шиитам, почитали Фатиму, дочь Пророка, жену Али и мать Хусейна
Bernard Lewis, The Assassins (London, 1967); Edwin Burman, The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam (London, 1987)
H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail, eds, Outremer (Jerusalem, 1982)
Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 17–22
Joseph R. Strager, ‘Feudalism in Western Europe’, in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 21; Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 334–35; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 283, 289
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 134
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), pp. 187, 245
Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 254–57
Ibid., pp. 276–302
Einard, ‘Life of Charlemagne’, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), p. 67
Karl F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969), p. 378
Rosamund McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 (London and New York, 1983), p. 62
Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 134–35
Алкуин, Письмо 174; см.: R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, UK, 1970), p. 32
Строго говоря, это письмо написал за него Алкуин. См.: Алкуин, Письмо 93; Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church, p. 186
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 281
Talal Asad, ‘On Discipline and Humility in Medieval Christian Monasticism’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore and London, 1993), p. 148
Ibid., pp. 130–34
Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 217–24
Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of a System of Social Classification’, in The Chivalrous Society, trans. Cynthia Postan (London, 1977), p. 91
Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of Knighthood’, in ibid., p. 165
Основополагающая хартия короля Эдгара для нового собора (Винчестер); см.: Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 224–25
Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87
Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 301
Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (London, 1980), p. 151; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 3
Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), pp. 296, 298
Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century, trans. Howard B. Clarke (Ithaca, NY, 1974), p. 49
Duby, ‘Origins of a System of Social Classification, ’ pp. 91–92
Первая известная нам формулировка этой системы содержится в поэме Адельберона Ланского (ок. 1028–1030 гг.) и в «Деяниях епископов Камбре» Герарда Камбрейского (ок. 1025 г.). Однако она могла возникнуть и раньше: см.: Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 165
Епископ Мербад Реннский; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina (PL) (Paris 1844–64), 1971, 1483–34; ср.: PL, 162, 1058–59; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987), p. 102
Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 46–47
Thomas Head and Richard Landes, eds, The Peace of God: Social Justice and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000 (Ithaca, NY, 1992); Tomaz Mastnak, Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World and Western Political Order (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), pp. 1–18; Duby, Chivalrous Society, pp. 126–31; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past and Present, 46 (1970)
James Westfall Thompson, Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages (New York, 1928), p. 668
Нарбоннский собор 1054 г.; см.: Duby, Chivalrous Society, p. 132
Glaber, Historiarum V. i. 25 in Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 11
Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 169
P. A. Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu prirent leurs armes, ’ L’Histoire, 47 (1982); Riley-Smith, First Crusade (London, 1986), p. 10
Riley Smith, First Crusade, pp. 7–8
Ibid., pp. 17–27.
Урбан, Послание князьям Каталонии; ibid., p. 20
Мф. 19:29
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 130–36
Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu’, p. 23; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 23
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 48–49
‘Chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan’, in Schlomo Eidelberg, trans. and ed., The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (London, 1977), p. 80
Guibert of Nogent, De Vita Sua, II. 1, in Joseph McAlhany and Jay Rubinstein, trans. and ed., Monodies and On the Relics of the Saints: The Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades (London, 2011), p. 97
Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Europe (New York, 1956), pp. 7, 10–12
John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1972), p. 48
Georges Duby, ‘The Transformation of the Aristocracy’, in Chivalrous Society, p. 82
Norman Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1984), pp. 68–70
Duby, ‘The Juventus, ’ in Chivalrous Society, pp. 112–21
Ibid., p. 120
Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 63
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 46
Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, Recueil des Historiens des Croisade (RHC), ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1841–1906), 3 in ibid., p. 36
E. O. Blake, ‘The Formation of the “Crusade Idea” ’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 21, 1 (1970); Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 56–57
The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, trans. Rosalind Hill (London, 1962), p. 27
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1098–1127, trans. and ed. Frances Rita Ryan (Knoxville, 1969), p. 96
Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 91
Ibid., pp. 84–85
Ibid., p. 117
John Fowles, The Magus, revised edition (London, 1997), p. 413. [Перевод Б. Кузьминского. Цит. по: Фаулз Дж. Волхв. – М.: Эксмо, 2009. – Прим. пер.]
Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 66
Deeds of the Franks, p. 91
Раймунд Ажильский, История франков, которые взяли Иерусалим; см.: August C. Krey, ed. and trans., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants (Princeton, NJ, and London, 1921), p. 266. [Перевод М. Заборова. Здесь и далее цит. по: Заборов М. История крестовых походов в документах и материалах. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. – Прим. пер.]
Fulcher, History of the Expedition, p. 102
Раймунд Ажильский, История франков; см.: Krey, ed., First Crusade, p. 266
Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana (Paris, 1846), RHC, 3, p. 741
Fulcher, History of the Expedition, pp. 66–67; Robert the Monk, Historia, p. 725; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 143
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